Grace D. Gipson, PhD, Department of African American Studies

"Creating 'New Normals' within Black Womanhood and Disability in Marvel Comics 'Misty Knight'"

Given the insufficiency of Black women and disabled protagonists in the popular arts and media, representations are particularly important as visualizing them contributes to their normalization (it un-others them, respects their otherness, and potentially destigmatizes otherness). As a scholar whose interests explore new territory surrounding Black female narratives in popular culture, particularly comic books, this project/chapter advocates for positioning disability as an empowering ability [not a weakness] through an exploration of the Marvel Comics character, "Misty Knight." Despite recent academic scholarship on comics and disability, narratives surrounding race and gender, specifically those featuring Black female characters are not as prevalent. In particular, Misty Knight's story provides a narrative that disrupts Rosemarie Garland-Thomson's argument that "female, disabled and dark bodies are supposed to be dependent, incomplete, vulnerable, and incompetent bodies that are portrayed as helpless, dependent, and weak." Depicting disability, from a Black woman’s point of view, as a part of one’s identity helps to normalize and humanize the character’s narrative, and potentially re-situate the gaze. Moreover, as an able-bodied Black woman, I aim to act as a scholarly ally who contributes to deconstructing hegemonic narratives that exclude Black, female, and disabled narratives in comics and beyond. Thus, this chapter examines the experiences of Black women superheroes' experiences with disabilities, such as Misty Knight, and offers an opportunity to investigate how fictional representations of Black women in comics act as archetypes of empowerment for real-life disabled Black women.

---

Adin E. Lears, PhD, Department of English

“Vital Flesh: Scales of Nature and Creature Futures in Later Medieval England"

Vital Flesh: Scales of Nature and Creature Futures in Later Medieval England offers a previously unexamined premodern history of life force, shifting the terms of contemporary feminist ecocritical and new materialist theories toward philosophies of health and practices of care. In the cultural and social foment of England in the wake of the Black Death, authors from Julian of Norwich to Geoffrey Chaucer imagined new ways of being, understanding, and expressing the liveliness of the flesh: historically understood as an antithesis of spirit in Western Christianity. Ranging across intellectual contexts, from natural philosophy and medicine to theology, Vital Flesh examines the medieval discourses of liveliness and probes their literary and social effects among writers and thinkers in late medieval England. In certain theological and philosophical contexts, medieval thinkers rigidly deployed the idea of the scale of nature: the hierarchical structures of being and knowing that have historically produced and reinforced conceptions of the human. Their conflation of the physical and the moral inform an Enlightenment logic of liberal individualism in ways that continue to undergird inequities in health care, even in the present day. At the same time, the literature and life writing of late medieval England afforded others the opportunity to consider how the scale of nature might offer more fluid conceptions of life, death, and selfhood that speak to our own moment of crisis: environmental peril, the erosion of abortion rights, and the epidemic of deaths of despair. The premodern history I draw from later medieval English literature amplifies how to reorient attention toward ways of organizing human and non-human relations that are not grounded in the hierarchical verticality of the scale of nature. For medieval thinkers, poetry—the matter of language—was crucial in this regard, helping readers to feel, imagine, and acknowledge the creaturely nature of human life, amplifying literature’s social and ethical purpose today.

---

Gabriela León-Pérez, PhD, Department of Sociology

“Invisible No More: Understanding the Health and Well-Being of Indigenous Immigrants from Latin America in the US” 

There are approximately 1 million Indigenous immigrants from Latin America living in the US. While Indigenous peoples have historically comprised an important part of migration streams around the world, they are substantially underrepresented in the migration and health literatures. Indigenous migrants embody multiple statuses of marginalization (e.g., minority among minorities, undocumented, poor) which have direct and indirect impacts on their health and well-being. However, their health status and health care needs have received limited attention from policymakers, medical practitioners, and academics alike. Indigenous immigrants are rarely distinguished from other foreign-born Latinxs and, consequently, their perspectives, needs, and concerns have been obscured and have occupied a marginal place in policy and scholarly conversations. This project involves conducting a scoping review of the literature on the health and well-being of Indigenous immigrants from Latin America in the United States. The overall goals will be to (1) evaluate current knowledge on Indigenous immigrants’ health and well-being, (2) summarize findings related to how systemic conditions contribute to Indigenous immigrant health disparities, and (3) highlight findings on protective factors, including the role of Indigenous migrant communities and their traditional health systems.

---

Victoria Tucker, PhD, RN, VCU Health System

“Position, Power, and Identity: Black Nurses in Virginia, 1950s-1980s”

My research examines the important but largely unchronicled moment at the intersection of American and nursing history: the experiences and contributions of Black nurses in Virginia during the transition from segregation to desegregation. Expanding the intellectual boundaries of the current nursing history canon adds to a more comprehensive history of healthcare by reassessing which nurses’ stories are learned, celebrated, and acknowledged. Black nurses were central figures in the desegregation of the United States healthcare system and the move toward health equity in the 20th century. Personal accounts of Black nurses’ coming of age narratives, professional pursuits, and legacy within a central locality are rare. The oral histories center Black women’s voices and provide unmined memories told from their perspectives. A detailed exploration of Black nurses in Virginia not only brings a new lens to an underexplored area of the history of nursing and health care, but it can also help identify and dismantle discriminatory policies and practices from which health disparities arose.

Kai Bosworth, PhD, School of World Studies

“Grottograph: Mapping the intimate social relations of cave conservation”

Debates in the environmental humanities have critically assessed the potential and shortcomings of declaring “the Anthropocene” era--the supposed entry of humanity writ large into the Earth’s geological record. But the seeming exceptionality and planetary scale of both declarations and debates can obscure the more mundane and intimate scales of human care for underground features and ecological spaces, whether human-made or natural. With support from the HRC, I will develop key aspects of a new research project which examines environmentalist and environmental justice politics of underground spaces in the US: caves, mines, urban infrastructure, aquifers and sinkholes, and abandoned oil and uranium wells. If ecology has conventionally relied on relationality, phenomenological experience, and/or defense of life as motivating frames, how do activists develop emotionally-rich meanings and motivations to defend spaces that are characterized by separation, non-life, and the inability for humans to experience or access them? While this is a long-term and multi-sited research project, my residency at the HRC will be used to develop an initial publication resulting from fieldwork conducted in the summer of 2022 with the Paha Sapa Grotto and the Black Hills Cave and Nature Conservancy concerning cave conservation in South Dakota.

---

Kathleen Chapman, PhD, Department of Art History, School of the Arts

“Wild, Domesticated, Modernized: Animal Art in Wilhelmine Germany”

As more art historians begin integrating ecocritical and related environmental humanities-based  approaches into their analyses of works of art, they tend to concentrate on contemporary art. This focus is perhaps unsurprising, given the significant number of practicing artists who address  environmental concerns in their work. As a specialist in German modernism, however, I focus on  much older artworks that may, at first glance, seem merely to present many of the troublingly  anthropocentric assumptions about non-human animals and the natural world that have pushed us  toward the catastrophic consequences of human-driven climate change. I argue that re-examining modern art by drawing on interdisciplinary approaches of environmental humanities scholarship can show us more than examples of destructive, objectifying conceptions of animals. Such historical work highlights how art produced under planetary conditions far less threatening than today’s can offer insights into modes of understanding and relating to animals that can inspire  new ways of interacting with animals in the present. I highlight histories of inter-species  entanglements as these connections are celebrated, denied, or simply registered in the works of selected artists. These artworks remind us that there is no purely human history, no purely human  culture—history and culture are always comprised of both human and non-human agents.

---

Rocío Gomez, PhD, Department of History

“From Peru to Pittsburgh: Vanadium Mining, Toxic Legacies, and Extractive Colonialism” 

By the 1940’s, the Vanadium Corporation of America (VCA) owned the majority of vanadium lodes around the world. Based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the company supplied the metal to steel mills in the city as well as its experimental laboratory. While historians of the environment may view the VCA as US-based corporation that contributed to the steel boom, they neglect the extractivist colonialism in Peru the company engaged in the creation of a vanadium monopoly. A metal added to make steel more flexible, the vanadium lode of Mina Ragra in the Peruvian Andes proved to be its crowning jewel. USGS geologists and scientists alike flocked to the region to aid in the exploitation. Local miners participated in the extraction process while waiting scientists in Pittsburgh received shipments of vanadium. This article (and book chapter) explore the exploitation of Mina Ragra, the role of toxic legacies of vanadium, and the infrastructure created to facilitate extraction. This transnational history of the environment, mining, and chemistry underscores the borderless character of extraction as well as its toxic legacies through archival materials, industry newsletters, and images.

---

Jennifer Rhee, PhD, Department of English

“The Ecological Materialities of Artificial Intelligence in the Racial Capitalocene”

My project will argue for a definition of artificial intelligence (AI) that accounts for its ecological environmental harms. I will connect the racialized hierarchies extended by predictive AI technologies, imbricated as they are in racial capitalism, to their unevenly distributed environmental impacts and the devalued and often dangerous human labors that structure AI’s global supply chains. Working at the interdisciplinary intersection of feminist science and technology studies, ecocritical media studies, and critical AI studies, I will provide a detailed account of an AI system’s global supply chain, from mineral mines in the Congo and the U.S., manufacturing factories in China, server farms throughout the U.S. and Europe, and massive e-waste sites in Ghana and Pakistan. I will also bring this account of a supply chain into conversation with literary and artistic works that conceptualize AI around supply chain labors, e-waste, toxic pollution of mining and manufacturing sites, and climate change. I will highlight how these creative works redefine AI around its ecological impacts by thematizing its environmental harms, highlighting the racialized dimensions of its global supply chains, and at times imagining alternate environmental and technological futures.

---

Andrea C. Simonelli, PhD, Department of Political Science

Climate Migration as Earth Systems Migration: Global Relocation in the Anthropocene

Climate change has and will continue to impact earths’ geophysical conditions and the relative stability society has come to expect. There is a general acknowledgement that millions of people will eventually need to relocate due to the deterioration of the conditions which support life and livelihoods. Migration and displacement are becoming more prevalent in national and international dialogues about climate change. However, human displacement will not occur in isolation; it is a phenomenon which is much more broad than traditional anthropocentric literature suggests. Flora and fauna depend on a reasonable stasis in their habitable zones and without such, will also migrate. Climate migration is a migration of earth’s systems- both human and ecological. Removing the imagined silos between the variety of organisms and non-sentient systems dependent on a stable climate will allow for a fuller understanding of the scale of global rearrangement needed to effectively adapt to the complexities of the Anthropocene. This project seeks to reconceptualize climate migration and displacement through a systems’ perspective. Political borders and current governance structures pose a challenge to the eventual migration, dislocation, displacement, of people, animals, societies, and ecosystems.

Michael L. Dickinson, PhD, Department of History

"A Separation Worse Than Death: Richmond and the Domestic Slave Trade during the Antebellum Era.”

This project will examine the lived experiences of captives who became victims of the  domestic slave trade. Specifically, I will examine the forced separations of black families in Richmond, VA along with enslaved black efforts to forge new communal ties while confined in the city. Richmond became a vital hub of oppressive commerce as surrounding slaveholders frequently brought captives to market for sale and merchants swarmed upon the developing city for the chance of fortune in the brutal trade. This was a traffic that captives throughout the nation knew well, as  evidenced by the words of Frederick Douglass which supplied the project’s title. If sold away as he  feared, Douglass would have likely passed through the streets of Richmond in his Southern descent  into further destitution.

---

Michael Hall, PhD, Department of English

"Between Leisure and Servitude: (Photo)Postcards and the Early Cultural History of African American Travel, 1850-1930.”

“Between Leisure and Servitude” proposes a study of (photo)postcards produced roughly between the 1850s and 1930s which not only reflect the early emergence of tourism as an industry in the US, but, more importantly, illustrate the ways Jim Crow discrimination and historical exclusion functioned to relegate enslaved Africans and their descendants in the US to positions of servility in the face of a budding industry open to European American leisure and recreation. The result is a paradoxical situation in which African Americans oscillated between leisure (as they challenged barriers to their ability to experience rest and recreation) and servitude (as European American employers limited many African Americans to service work which provided the foundation for the hospitality guests and patrons expected, but also served as painful reminders of European American refusal to consider enslaved Africans and their  descendants in the US as little more than fit to provide service). Based on archival research in the Robert Langmuir Photograph Collection of the Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library (MARBL) at Emory University and employing interdisciplinary methods—visual analysis,  literary analysis, and cultural historical inquiry and criticism—my proposed study aims to show  how (photo)postcards offer a contemporary primary resource for understanding the unique and paradoxical position in which African Americans found themselves from the historical point of Emancipation through the early decades of the twentieth century which saw increasing numbers of Americans engaging leisure and recreation notably via tourism.

---

Indira Sultanić, PhD, School of World Studies

"Achieving Language Justice through Increased Capacity for Provisioning Professional Translation and Interpreting Services.”

This research project explores current practices around language access and the provision of translation and interpreting in health and social service settings in the United States. It does so within the broader framework of language access as a catalyst for achieving greater equity and social justice among minoritized, Limited English Proficient communities. It builds on existing translation and interpreting research on (in)equities in access to social services for these communities. Despite existing state and federal policies that require health and social services to comply with language access guidelines, the COVID-19 pandemic shined a light on the inconsistencies, and the ad hoc approach to provisioning translation and interpreting services. This project, in addition to examining the obvious faults in the approach to ensuring language access, seeks to identify areas for improvement and potential for building better language justice frameworks.

---

Kevin Clay, PhD, School of Education

“'I Guess This Is Activism?:' Youth Politicization and Free-Market Common Sense."

“'I Guess This is Activism?:' Youth Politicization and Free-Market Common Sense,” reflects on challenges related to politicizing and organizing with youths to effect material social change against the omnipresent entrappings of neoliberalism. Inspired by Paulo Freire’s critical pedagogy, the youth participatory action research (YPAR) approach submits that as youths lead social scientific inquiry and act for change, they develop transformative sociopolitical enlightenment (i.e., critical consciousness). This ethnographic book reflects on several conflicts at the heart of this schema of political education in my experience facilitating YPAR in one of the poorest, majority-Black cities in the Mid-Atlantic. It demonstrates how the common sense of neoliberalism emerged authoritatively to influence youths’ political development and conceptions of activism in ways that were reinforced by committing to YPAR’s youth-led ethos. I argue that didactic approaches to political education are crucial in YPAR. While Freirean-inspired YPAR has advanced important accomplishments in student-voice and led to numerous youth-led campaign victories, the book questions YPAR’s incumbent attachment to critical pedagogy as its approach to political education and considers how more expansive understandings of political education and organizing might serve YPAR in neoliberal times.

---

J. Molina-Garcia, Department of Photography and Film, School of the Arts

"Brown Sadness"

The contemporary moment is marked by a stillborn melancholy. As hordes of disaffected and diasporic subjects crowd borders and detention centers, a global pandemic has arrested essential processes of grief and renewal. “Brown Sadness” is an adaptive ethnological reader centering depressive psychology and subaltern cultural studies, remixing Freudian, Jungian, and postcolonial contributions to rethink neoliberal fantasies of productivity. Displacing identity politics in favor of a nuanced affective methodology, the text provides a manual for the use and revision of racial traumas, depressive resistance, and communal mourning.

• Antonio Espinoza, PhD, History: "Education and the State in Modern Peru, Primary Schooling in Lima 1821-c. 1921"
• Samaneh Oladi Ghadikolaei, PhD, School of World Studies
• Melis Hafez, PhD, History:  "Inventing Laziness: The Culture of Productivity in Late Ottoman Society"
• Rohan Kalyan, PhD, School of World Studies: "Neo Delhi and the Politics of Postcolonial Urbanism"

Indigenizing Reform: Cultural and Political Transformations in the Global South

The concept of indigeneity as deployed in recent humanities scholarship is often positioned in opposition to notions of western colonization, development and modernity more broadly. Indigenizing reform seeks to move beyond the opposition of western imitation versus indigenous authenticity to look at the nuanced and complicated ways in which reformists in the global south interpreted the world around them and sought to shape it. Drawing from international studies, religious studies and history, as well as the subdisciplines of gender, Latin American, Middle Eastern and South Asian studies, our research investigates processes of indigenizing reform as they play out in diverse geo-historical contexts:

1. contemporary female Iranian activists who negotiate an indigenous Islamic tradition with modernity through transforming male-dominated religious discourses
2. nineteenth-century Ottoman moralists who indigenized a duty-centered morality along the lines of modern citizenship
3. the role of school teachers as “indigenizers” of knowledge in nineteenth-century Peru
4. contemporary India and its ongoing process of political and economic reform under a right-wing government that construes itself as indigenous

• Winnie Chan, English: “Haunted Cartographies of Home in Helen Oyeyemi’s British Novels"
• Ryan Smith, History: “Death and Rebirth in a Southern City: Richmond’s Historic Cemeteries”
• Faedah Totah, School of World Studies: “Palestinian Refugees in the Old City of Damascus”
• Nicole Myer Turner, History: “Mapping Black Religion in the Post-Emancipation South: A Digital History Project”

The 2019 fellows are working on projects that coalesce around the theme “Boundaries, Belonging, and the Spatial Turn in the Humanities.” The recent spatial turn in the humanities challenges the temporal as the privileged mode of humanistic inquiry. Geolocated data and tools such as Geographic Information Systems have revolutionized scholars’ ability to generate maps, thereby stimulating new interests in landscape, networks, and place-making strategies across disciplines. The 2019 fellows share this commitment to employing space as a category of analysis and interrogation. Specifically, they seek to explore belonging and place-making for groups that fall outside the national imagination. As political, social and economic constraints marginalize different ethnic and racial groups in the nation, they shift the frame of reference to show how such marginalized groups have used spatial practices and geographical imagining to situate themselves in the world and challenge external, time-bound forces.

The spatial scope of their projects spans local, national and international reaches, from the nineteenth century to the present. Their studies uncover dynamic processes of identity formation in space enacted by Palestinian refugees in the Jewish Quarter of Damascus, by freed people in postbellum Virginia, by migrants from the peripheries of Empire in contemporary Britain, and by preservation activists in Richmond. In so doing, they ask: How have imagined spaces had real effects on social and political cohesion? How have narratives of nationality shaped the landscape? How can attempts to mark space make and unmake social relations, such as race? What are the advantages of using the frameworks of space and place, of maps and location, to locate identity? What are the challenges for disenfranchised groups in creating homes in the nation and for scholars who study their efforts?

• Andrew Alwood, Philosophy: “Wellbeing and Affect”
• Andrew Crislip, History: “‘Enter the Joy of Your Lord: Emotional Suffering and the Promise of Happiness in the Early Christian Tradition”
• Vivian Dzokoto, African American Studies: “‘No One Quarrels With Their Stomach’ and Other Embodied Proverbs: Decoding What the Akan of West Africa Ought To Feel”
• Sarah Meacham, History: “‘Practice to be in Good Humor’: How Colonial Americans Labored at What They Ought to Feel”

The 2018 fellows are working on projects that coalesce around the theme “What We Ought To Feel: Instructions For Emotional Well-Being Across Cultures And Time.” Contemporary culture is replete with advice on how we ought to feel and explanations of why we fail to feel what we should, in high profile moral advice (such as the Dalai Lama in the New York Times) and well-funded public health initiatives (such as VCU’s COBE Institute). Our interrelated projects aim to ground these pressing concerns in cross-disciplinary humanistic research that explores how humans across cultures and time have grappled with the goal of feeling good, as well as its inescapable shadow, emotional suffering. Contemporary scientific research on emotion and well-being presumes the universality and transparency of such concepts as happiness, pain and emotion. Yet these concepts are expressed in radically different ways in various languages, including those used by the group, Akan, Egyptian, English and Greek. Group members draw on a range of methodological perspectives—from analytical philosophy, gender studies, anthropology and cross-cultural psychology, history and philology—to study how diverse cultures define emotions and prescribe norms for emotional behavior and expression.

• Catherine Ingrassia, English: “Cultures of Captivity in the Long Eighteenth Century”
• Shermaine Jones, English: “‘[B]ut what are eulogies to the black man?’: Transient Griefs, Race, Enlightenment, and the Eulogy in Early African American Literature”
• Brooke Newman, History: “A Dark Inheritance: Race, Sex, and Subjecthood in the British Atlantic”
• Oliver Speck, School of World Studies: “Framed Bodies: Representations of Black Captivity in Cinema”

The 2017 fellows are working on book projects that coalesce around the theme “Conditions of Confinement: Identity, Race, and Subjectivity.” Engaging the disciplines of history, literature and film studies, they will examine the fundamental limitations and instabilities engendered by various states of confinement, whether legal, discursive, bodily or cinematic. Through a shared emphasis on externally and internally imposed restrictions, their projects uncover conditions of confinement intended to fix particular individuals, groups and genre conventions in place while simultaneously giving rise to unexpected social, political and narrative dilemmas. Covering a range of geographic areas, subjects and time periods—Atlantic racial classifications in the age of slavery, eulogy in early African American writing, eighteenth-century British narratives of captivity and depictions of race and bondage in modern films—their projects are centrally concerned with the formation and disruption of the boundaries of everyday life, be they institutional, cultural, aesthetic or material. Encompassing colleagues in three departments at different career stages, the group asks what happens when conditions of confinement are disrupted or transcended? What exactly does freedom from the restrictions of state, self, society or genre entail? By loosening the conceptual bonds of oppositional, binary thinking, how might we more fruitfully interrogate meanings of captivity and liberation? To what extent might these reconsiderations resonate with current national conversations about race and incarceration as well as community initiatives at VCU?

• Claire Bourne, English
• Carolyn Eastman, History
• Katherine Nash, English
• Gregory Smithers, History

The 2016 fellows are working on book projects that coalesce around the theme “Cultures in Transition: Orality, Performance, and Print.” Spanning a wide range of subjects, sites and chronological eras—the early modern English theater and book trade, early American oratory, Native American environmental practices and the British women’s rights movement—their projects overlap with one another in productive ways. All four are interested in crucial methodological issues, including how to illuminate the ephemeral practices at the heart of social, cultural, political and aesthetic experience, as well as how to explain why these practices matter. They are all addressing the challenge of how to recapture that which is, by its nature, difficult to record—theatrical performance, oratory, political tactics and the features and uses of the natural landscape.

• Leigh Ann Craig, History: “Obsessed, Vexed, and Frenzied: Diagnoses of Senselessness, 1240-1500”
• Christine Cynn, Gender, Sexuality and Women’s Studies: “The ABCs of United States Funded HIV Prevention Media in West and east Africa“
• Kathryn Meier, History: “The Contested Civil War Soldier Body”
• Sachi Shimomura, English: “Gendered Memories, Gendered Communities: Viewing Holy Bodies in Anglo-Saxon England”

The 2015 inaugural fellows are working on book projects that coalesce around the theme “Authorizing Health: Community Interpretations and Regulation of the Gendered Body.” Their individual projects span 800 years, three continents and three disciplines. Professors Craig, Cynn, Meier and Shimomura have a common interest in examining how bodies have been characterized as sick, injured or non-normative, as well as in the practices that have determined their diagnoses, perception and treatment. Their projects demonstrate close study of narratives of illness and healing make visible wider historical, social and cultural tensions, especially around gender. They expose political and ideological conflicts over interpersonal relationships, community expectations and the constitution of proper scientific, medical or religious authority. Their dialogue across fields, theoretical frameworks and periods will enable the fellows to engage with and learn from research and approaches outside their own specializations and so enrich their understanding of their own sources. More broadly, this dialogue will contribute to and expand upon humanities-driven approaches that elucidate how larger social, political and gendered structures frame individual and public health.